Crowdscourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Crowdscourcing - Term Paper Example Today through crowd sourcing, the company can use a huge number of less technical people to carry out complex and highly ingenious tasks at very low costs. As a result, the basic idea behind crowdsourcing is to increase productivity while at the same time reducing involved costs in the production process (Mau, 2004). This involves the use of internet where the company solicits feedback from a community of many active and passionate people, which will help the company in significantly reducing the time that it would take to collect data about the same information in the field through a research or other formal focus groups. Therefore, by having customers involved in the branding activities, marketing and the product design and development processes, the organization can greatly save on the staffing costs required and cater for the numerous risks and uncertainties in the market place (Mau, 2004). History The process of requiring customers to have an input in developing products is not new. However, open-source software has changed the approach by making it possible for many people to be involved in such a process. In today’s technology, it is possible to have numerous people undertake tasks that would seem too complex for their level of technical knowledge, mainly driven by factors such as the development of blogs social networks such as Facebook, twitter, MySpace and YouTube. This has made the traditional differences producers and consumers to vanish and leave a thin line that becomes hard to isolate, leading to a market that has a collective intelligence (Brabham, 2008). In other words, in the market today, it is possible to access people’s passion, knowledge, their creative ideas and insightful thinking. This translates to improved production and increased innovations numerous minds are brought together in an economy driven by intellectuals. Open source code, the invention of Stallman an MIT graduate that dates back to 1983 has made crowdsourcing in the IT a great success and has helped companies to reap big from crowdsourcing. This led to development of Unix operating system by 1991 where the developer Linus Torvalds, a computer scientists based in Finland requested ideas from people on how to develop a free operating system, which led to the current Linus operating system, which is the globally largest and world most successful open code software today (Howe, 2008). In interface design, users create socially adaptable interfaces that address interface complexity where users come up with customizations linked to specific tasks, which are then made available to an online community through an online repository. Once the users have created a collection of test sets, the users then customize the interfaces created with a keyword search in finding and installing specific task sets, resulting to a situation where users can issue direct commands to the interface. Therefore, crowdsourcing has its origin from academic researchers w ho designed digital resources that supported research and data interpretation methods, which involved visualization of data, computational analysis, data mining and simulations (Oomen & Aroyio, 2011). Consequently, in interface design, the result was that users were henceforth able to automate difficult tasks to compute,

Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports Essay

Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports - Essay Example Surprisingly, those working hard to produce the rents are African-American athletes while the whites come out as the beneficiaries. This discourse takes an in-depth critique of Lawrence Kahn’s article and in the process evaluates facts that he outlines. The paper also separates facts from fictitious information in the article. Critique Lawrence Kahn explains that African-American athletes produce the rents benefited by white Americans. He mentions that the African-American sportspersons spent their rent on facilities, head coaches salaries, and nonrevenue sports. The football programs earn revenue from accounting profits. This also happens in the field of basketball. Evaluation of the role of NCAA appears at two levels. One extreme end is people who believe that efforts by NCAA to restrict payments to sportspeople enhance the value of sports by upholding amateurism. The other group holds that NCAA is a cartel that restricts compensation to sportsmen and women. Since its incept ion, the NCAA has been controlling the capacity for its members to access televised games. This started in 1984. This is a typical characteristic of a cartel where it prevents members from accessing and doing business with other competing firms in the industry. This is to avoid a share of the rents produced by sportsmen and women. The cartel wants to enjoy all the money. This is the reason that informed the formation of College Football Association (CFA). The behavior of NCAA towards is enough proof that it is a cartel. Cartels thrive on threats and sanctions. The NCAA threatened to expel any school and higher institution of learning that would sign a different contract following CFA’s readiness to negotiate a different and parallel contract with NBC. Threats by NCAA amounted to schools under CFA loosing on the revenue from the basketball tournament. This is total tyranny. In the modern liberal market, business associations and companies cannot thrive on threats and financial embargos. Finally, the NCAA succeeded in enjoying all the revenues generated from football television rents. The change in broadcasting rights appeared for the first time in college sports following a successful court petition by the University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia. Cases in the judiciary point to the fact that indeed the NCAA is a cartel. Courts proved in 1995 that it was engaged in backroom dirty tricks to limit salaries for assistant coaches. An association existing for the welfare of members such as NCAA needs to engage making lives for their members. However, NCAA does the reverse. It is very difficult to comprehend what good is in limiting a pay for members and proudly claim to be generating a fair playground for your members. Lawrence Kahn cannot purport to justify the role of NCAA to limit compensation as efforts towards enhancing sports by maintaining amateurism. Kahn explains the value of amateurism by stating the large of members in NCAA makes it dif ficult for it to put ceilings on earnings of sportsmen and women. He holds that a possibility of NCAA failing to prevent a competitive market among players due to the high number of members is farfetched. This point by Lawrence Khan does not hold water. NCAA is cartel and members of such an association have to operate within the rules. Therefore, the rules apply to all irrespective of the size of membership.

Soil Pollution

Soil Pollution Introduction Soil pollution is caused by the presence of chemicals made by man or alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically grows from the rupture ofpesticides, underground storage tanks, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes fromlandfillsor direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The chemicals which are involved mainly are petroleumhydrocarbons,solvents, pesticides, lead and otherheavy metals. Occurrence of this development is correlated with the degree of industrializations and intensities of usage of chemicals. Objective of the study This study has the following objectives To study the process of soil contamination. To study the cause, effects and control measures of soil contamination. To study various remediation technology available for soil contamination. To test soil specimen for shear strength using Direct Shear Test. Depending upon the contaminant of the soil specimen, to provide a remedial solution for the soil contamination Soil Contamination Soil contamination must be decimated to check that the best develop is grown for intake, (most important for organic farmers) it has to be proved first that the soil and land are of good quality, Many things are there making up the soil. In the area that soil made of basic organic parts basic such as granite or limestone, then there are organisms that break down like leaves, critter muck etc, the lands location and altitude bottom of the vale or on a mountain inclination, climate is also an crucial factor (ILO. 1992). Effects on plants It counts on what type of soil, the type of toxins present and the rigor of the soil pollution, as to how much or what comes in the plant, essentially sandy soil is less likely to grab on to chemicals, whereas soil carrying more organic matter like as peat moss will keep to contaminants more readily this has the impression of altering the metabolic stage of the microorganisms soil is held of, thus the pollutes enter the chain of food. Soil pollution can also affect those who touch it, depending on the pollutes, when small animals take over and polluted dust particles inhaled by them, occasionally some serve contaminations in dust form, are absorbed by the skin. Causes of soil contamination Well theres oil falls, pipe line leaks, toxic spills land that has been used before for things like as mining, gas stations, factories, airports all of these have polluted soil below them, the unnatural stuffs heaps in the landfills percolating into the ground, use of over fertilizers in some countries crops are still spray very toxic pesticides, all these things are reason of soil pollution around the world. When natural disasters happens like as earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes then facilities that have oil, toxins and chemicals become damaged or destroyed, their spills and leaks cause soil pollution, roughly 10 mi. ² of land in southeast of New Orleans became polluted, when over one million gallons of oil dowsed into the earth after a hurricane, demolished some holding facilities (Jewell, R.A., 1996). Storage of products and/or waste is Incorrect in industrial activities Uncontrollable waste disposal Waste of Industrial construction and demolition Drums which are underground Goods transports accidents Faulty operations or leaks from tanks Waste of water disposal Wrong use of pesticides and/or manures Bad or open sewers in a poor state Air pollutants deposition Concerns and health problems China has little lawmaking in place for the security of land to protect against soil pollution, unfortunately it looks like that over a 10% of the land has soil pollution, land is being watered by contaminated water. Since the 1970s there have been oozing from toxic tar island dam in the soil, and more lately a scallion of toxic polluters was discovering into the Athabasca River, a supply of water for Alberta. Effects Contamination of surface water Contamination of ground water Contamination of river sediment Volatile compounds Evaporation Inside houses air contamination Supply of contaminated water Ingestion of contaminated soil Using of contaminated surface waters Digging danger Contamination of animals and farm vegetables through the use of ground waters Control measures for soil contamination Controlled waste landfill Industries with adequate prevention and protection measures New sewer networks Waste water purifier Liquid manure storage basin Remedial Solutions to soil erosion Physical Rainfall and Runoff 1. Rainfall and water runoff are the two biggest culprits when it comes to soil erosion from water. The impact of physical raindrops on the soil surface can eventually break down the its structure and disseminate essential nutrients. The more usurious the slope of a field, the greater the runoff will be. That is the reason it is important to only plant on flat, horizontal land. As the slope length increases, so does the intensity of the runoff the water. If you must plant on a sloped surface, avoid very large stretches of land. It is mandatory to be a proper drainage whenever trying to combat water erosion. Water cant be absorbed by soil whenever it is collected on a slope, runoff will occur. Ensure that the land you want to farm on has enough drainage (Jewell, R.A. 1996). Soil Health 2. High level of organic matter in soil, structure in proper form and fast water infiltration rate is considered healthy and repellent to water erosion. Soil containing toxins, high levels of sand, or coarse-textured soil is considered unhealthy and prostrate to erosion by water. Growing crops that are autochthonal to the region will greatly help in maintaining a healthy soil base resistant to erosion. Rotation of Crop is another way of keeping your soil healthy and resistant to water erosion. Harvesting the same crops continually in the same location can lead to the collection of toxins and a natality imbalance in the soil. There are many forms of vegetation that can be grown to help protect against erosion of water. Ground will thickly covered by vegetation and form a network that will absorb water, which in turn reduces runoff. Vegetation provides extra roots from channels that help with drainage, as they allow surface water to permeate the soil. Vegetation will also provide cover for the soil, which reduces damage and runoff from raindrop impact. SOLUTIONS To avoid erosion of bare soil, it is essential to assert a cover to vegetation, mainly in the areas which are most dangerous e.g. those with infuse slopes, a periods of very heavy rainfall or season infuse. To do it may intend only partially gleaning forests and using seasonally wet or dry areas for pastoral rather than agriculture which is arable. Where polish which is intensive takes place, the farmers also use a crop rotation in order to avoid the soil becoming consumed. Where soils are covered in harmful areas, shape sloughing should be used. Careful management of irrigation, to prevent the application of too much or too little water, should help cut down the problem of salivation. Livestock skimming rates must be carefully managed to keep overgrazing. Perhaps we must attempt to limit highway construction and urbanization to areas of lower agricultural potential. With extractive industries, a pledge must be assured to restore the land to its former condition before planning permit for quarries or mines is granted. The principal approaches these strategies take are Sheep pasture with macroscale erosion. choice ofvegetativecover erosionprevention salinitymanagement: specific state-wide salinity control objectives are: With good quality groundwater stabilize water tables at harmless levels in irrigation areas Significantly retard rising groundwater by control of groundwater recharge, and where necessary to adapt to higher saline conditions in irrigation areas with saline groundwater Significantly reduce additions to the groundwater organizations and to substantially improve brininess problems associated with localized water in ground systems Where appropriate and Protect and rehabilitate high in value wetlands and other features which are significant environmental. Mineralization: To allow plants phytonutrient potential, active mineralization of the soil is sometimes undertaken. It can be in the form of natural of adding squeezed rock or can bring the form of soil of chemical supplement. The purpose is to combat mineral depletion in either case depletion of the soil. Wide range of minerals can be added including common substances like P (phosphorus) and more exotic substances such as zn (zinc) and sl (selenium). Extensive researches are there on the phase transitions of stuffs in soil with aqueous contact. The flooding process can bring significant bed load sediment to an alluvial plain. While its effect may not be considerable if floods threaten life or if the eroded deposit originates from productive land, this natural process that can regenerate soil chemistry through mineralization and macronutrient addition (Netterberg, 1971). No till farming: It is a way of growing crops from one year to next to next year without breaking the soil through tillage. It is a latest agricultural technique which can increase the water amount in the soil and decrease the erosion. No till farming may also increase the amount and variety of life in and on the soil but requires increased herbicide usage. Contour plowing: Contour farming and contour plowing is the farming practice of plowing across an incline following its elevation contour lines and rows formed slows water dispel during rainstorms to protect soil erosion and allows the water time to get settle into the soil. Crop rotation: This is a practice (Crop rotation or Crop sequencing) to growing dissimilar types of crops in the same region in back-to-back seasons for various profits such as to keep off the buildup of pathogens and cusses that generally occurs when one type of crop is continuously cropped. Crop rotation also seeks to balance the fertility demands of various crops to avoid excessive depletion of soil nutrients. A traditional component of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops. It is one component of poly culture. Rotation of crop can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Resting the land: To grow the cropsproperly they need nutrient rich soil. If we dont land rest between crops than the first crop will use nutrients all present in the soil and the crop which will grow later will grow poorly as a result. Resting the land allows put a little more organic material into the soil by our nature, so it is necessary replenishing it before you plant crop after another. Direct Shear Test:- Objective: To determine the shearing strength of the soil using the direct shear apparatus. Apparatus Direct shear box apparatus Loading frame (motor attached). Dial gauge. Proving ring. Tamper. Straight edge. Balance to weigh upto 200 mg. Aluminum container. Spatula. Procedure:- Measure the inner dimension of the soil container. The parts of the soil container are put together. The volume of the container is calculated and it is weighed. The soil is placed in smooth layers (approximately 10 mm thick). Tamp the soil if a dense sample is desired. The soil container is weighed, the difference of these two gives the weight of the soil. The density of the soil is calculated. The surface of the soil is made plane. The upper grating are put on stone and block loaded on top of soil. The thickness of soil specimen is measured. The desired normal load is applied. The shear pin is removed. The dial gauge is attached which measures the change of volume. The initial reading of the dial gauge is recorded and values caliberated. Check all adjustments to see that there is no connection between two parts except sand/soil before proceeding to test. Start the motor. The reading of the shear force is taken and recorded. V olume change readings are taken till failure. 5 kg normal stress 0.5 kg/cm2 is added and the experiment is continued till failure All the readings are recorded carefully. Before starting the experiment set the dial gauges zero,. Two soil specimens were chosen for the test. Sample one: Clean and not contaminated with weight of 16 kg Sample two: Contaminated with fuel ash with weight of 8 kg As explained in the procedure above, two soil samples were tested. After the test, following results were obtained: Load at failure for sample one = 87.5 N Load at failure for sample two = 29.1 N The contaminated sample will be used for the design project to asses it is commercial viability. References ILO. 1992. A participatory approach to environmental protection measures for hill irrigation schemes in Nepal. Nepal SPWP Manual No. 1. ILO, Geneva. Ingold, T.S. and Miller, K.S. 1988. Geotextiles Handbook. Thomas Telford, London Jewell, R.A. 1996. Soil Reinforcement with Geotextiles. CIRIA Special Publication 123. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London. Lawrance, C.J., Byard, R.J. and Beaven, P.J. 1993. Terrain Evaluation Manual. Transport Research Laboratory State of the Art Review 7. HMSO, London. MacGregor, F., Fell, R., Mostyn, G.R., Hocking, G. and McNally, G. 1994. The estimation of rock rippability. Quart. J. Eng. Geol. 27: 123-144. Netterberg, F. 1971. Calcrete in road construction, CSIR Res. Rep. 286, Pretoria, CSIR. Netterberg F. 1978 Calcrete wearing courses for unpaved roads, Civ. Eng. S. Afr., Vol 20 No 6, pp 129-138 Peltier, L. 1950. The geographic cycle in periglacial regions as it is related to climatic geomorphology. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geog. 49, 214-36. Pettifer, G.S. and Fookes, P.G. 1994. A revision of the graphical method for assessing the excavatability of rock. Quart. J. Eng. Geol. 27: 145-164. Schiechtl, H.M. and Stern, R. 1996 (English translation). Ground Bioengineering Techniques for Slope Protection and Erosion Control. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Schiechtl, H.M. and Stern, R. 1997 (English translation). Water Bioengineering Techniques for Watercourse Bank and Shoreline Protection. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Stewart, G.A. and Perry, R.A. 1953. Survey of Townsville-Bowen Region (1950). Land Research Series, Varnes, D.J. 1978. Slope movements and types and processes. In: Landslides: Analysis and Control, Wang, H., Latham, J-P. and Poole, A. 1991. Predictions of block size distributions for quarrying. Quart. J Eng. Geol. 24: 91-99.

My Writing is My Voice :: Teaching Writing Education Essays

My Writing is My Voice For the longest time, I really did not know who I was. Not that I was confused about who I saw in the mirror, but I had know idea why I thought the way I did about things. Science had always interested me. Animals have such a unique character created out of the need for survival. They are not influenced by outside pressures to conform. I made the decision to study them for the rest of my life. But I really did not know what separated me, as a human, from my cat. The school systems and church tried to give me explanations. They encompassed the fact that I think logically, have problem solving skills, emotions, and make decisions based on these emotions. Animals did not have these abilities and this separated them form us. But the education started to contradict itself. After being exposed to a vast majority of animals, I saw abilities that humans cannot posses. Some can fly, breath underwater, and exist in climates where humans cannot without artificial devices. Humans cannot survive winters without clothes or travel the oceans without boats. The system was lying to me. Animals could adapt and think quite well. We were not better, just different. This made me lose faith in the system and I began to take up independent thought. Because I thought I should be a truly independent thinker, I believed that everything I knew was a product of my own discovery. Within my own mind, everything was the way it was because I thought it. The rest of the information in my head was only a bunch of stuff set up by society for me to learn. When I left my small town of Big Lake after graduation, I was in search of a higher education. Where? A university of course! I rushed into the world of undergraduates with hopes and dreams of someday being able to explain a reason for everything. But I did not want to do it in the same fashion the system was requiring it. They made the rules and I was supposed to follow them. I did not like what they had to say. I questioned most everything. There were disciplines though that I did not question. Physics, biology, and chemistry existed long before humans. I have already seen them in nature. Nature itself was proof enough to believe in their validity.

Crime Does Not Pay Essay

Chris Paciello could be aptly described as a violent nice-looking hoodlum and lover. There was not much account on Paciello’s childhood life. However, his real name was Christian Ludwigzen and he was identified as a â€Å"thug wrapped up† in New York’s mob scene prior to his reinvention of himself in Miami. From 1987 to 1993, he was engaged in various robberies and theft cases, robbing establishments such hardware stores, video shops and pharmacies, and even pet store. He was also involved in some club and bar brawls and became in touch with the notorious gang of violent Brooklyn mobster. However, when things got rough with him, he fled to Miami to start a fresh new life. He reinvented himself, and transformed the Miami Beach area into a prime nightlife destination through his club Liquid which became the hottest place in America, using ill-gotten funds which he extracted from his robbery activities and his connection with the gang of violent mobster back in Brooklyn. Thus, Paciello was making legal money from his illegal funds, and making good reputation in the eyes of the public out of his relationships with famous women. In other words, he became a better person for being a womanizer. Pacillo’s connections with very popular people worked best for him as he quickly complete his own transformation. From a notorious robber connected to a dreaded gang of violent mobster, he is now a respectable, rich businessman, and lover of highly socialite women. His past crimes were already covered by the make-over he had made. He is now somebody who is greatly contributing to Miami’s economy. The question therefore is, if a person is contributing significantly to the economy, can he find favor in the law? Perhaps this could be the reason that many of his previous court cases were either dissolve or he got acquitted. But as the saying goes â€Å"Crime does not pay,† justice never sleep. His connection with outlawed mobsters leads to his own downfall as various cases sprang up against him including a homicide case. According to one law enforcer, Paciello was facing 30 years to life in jail but this was commuted to seven years imprisonment because he gave information about the bigger bosses of the violent mobsters. Could this be a form of bribery? I do not know, but it surely does him a great deal of favor.

Analysis Of John Perry s Hayek Argument - 1083 Words

Dylan Ellis October 1, 2015 ECON-209.003 Perry Burnett Hayek Philosophical Argument In Hayek’s argument, he explains how socialism’s centralized planning is an exponentially inferior economic policy compared to the competitive nature of democracy due to the restrictions government planning imposes on a population’s ability to choose. He also expresses concern over similarities between the attitude of United States’ population and socialist Germany regarding our growing desire to organize and plan everything, noting that we are headed in the same general direction as pre-fascist Germany. His argument has the intention of convincing people to stray from this path of organizing the economy and instead to simply let the country†¦show more content†¦Whenever they realize that having leaders with total power is convenient, it’s a slippery slope to totalitarianism. Totalitarianism with a group of leaders under the chief of command who, by the nature of society, are unavoidably the worst pick of the lo t. This is due to needing a hive mind, which is most easily found among the lower intellectuals, as well as people who have no strong ideals and who are easily persuaded. This similar mindset, for this system to work, has to be accepted by the public as well. The individuals of the public are also apt to be treated without common decency, the leaders justifying their actions by claiming it is for the good of society. Without Rule of Law, there’s nothing keeping this government in check either. Those who are desperate to avoid fascism, and want to do so by organizing an economy and socializing it, will see that the fruits of their labor have produced the exact effect they wanted to evade. He goes on to explain that the economy of a nation is extremely too complicated to be controlled and directed by a government. There are too many minute details that make up the economy as a whole to be effectively and consciously planned. This is how competition is the better alternative. In dividuals of a society, left to their own designs, can each be a small director of the economy. Never having enough power to take over another citizen’s life, but each playing a small part in making such a sophisticated system work. He

Gender Roles of Women in Twentieth Century Literature...

The poem â€Å"Daystar† by Rita Dove is about a woman who is a busy mother that is tired of the burdensome duties of motherhood because it makes her feel confined to her situation in life. Alternatively, the poem â€Å"Barbie Doll† by Marge Piercy is a satirical poem that is about a girl who is intelligent and physically capable, but the characteristic that society places value on is her physical appearance. The poems â€Å"Daystar† and â€Å"Barbie Doll† are both representative of the gender roles and expectations of women in the twentieth century, the time that these poems were published, to be mothers and housewives. In the poem â€Å"Daystar†, it focuses on that women are expected to fulfill their place in society by becoming wives and mothers, which can†¦show more content†¦In the lines, â€Å"Then in the magic of puberty, a classmate says/ You have a great big nose and fat legs† (lines 5-6), the poet talks about when the girl went through puberty, a time when low self-esteem is common, a classmate said something that made her doubt her physical appearance, lowering her self-esteem and placing focus on her looks. The poet uses the lines, â€Å"She was healthy, tested intelligent/ possessed strong arms and back/ abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity/ She went to and fro apologizing/ Everyone saw a fat nose on thick legs† (lines 7-11) to emphasize that, even though the girl had several good qualities, what was important from a societal standpoint was whether or not she was physically attractive. In the twentieth century, much emphasis was placed on women acting lady-like and being the picture of physical perfection. Both â€Å"Daystar† and â€Å"Barbie Doll† are both poems that represent what society expected of women in the twentieth century. The endings of both of the poems mention either literally or satirically that women want something different than what society expects of t hem, even though they gave in. The ending ofShow MoreRelatedUniversity Of Oxford English Professor, Dr. Stuart Lee1318 Words   |  6 PagesStuart Lee argues that the First World War was one of the seminal moments of the twentieth century in which literate soldiers, plunged into inhuman conditions, reacted to their surroundings in poems. Lee’s statement identifies the role played by First World War poetry played in not only commemorating the Great War but also allowing scholars to gain an insight into the brutalities of the conflict through this literature available. 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