Valuing Project Achieve

Presentation After years as an educator and chief baffled by the powerlessness to viably follow school and understudy progress, Stacey Boyd and HBS colleague Mandy Lee established Project Achieve, a data the board framework for schools. In a rapidly changing industry with quick moving contenders, Project Achieve meant to utilize driving edge innovation to lessen the remaining task at hand of educators and heads while at the same time keeping guardians and understudies mindful of execution. While trying to raise capital from a variety of financial specialists, Boyd expected to evaluate the firm’s esteem before pushing ahead. Venture Achieve’s Competitive Advantage_ Project Achieve plans to separate itself from its rivals by means of its accentuation on a totally online item and its founder’s information on schools and instructors, its two fundamental upper hands. As the primary mover among altogether electronic items, Project Achieve would like to increase critica l piece of the pie before impersonations of its items show up. Being altogether electronic, the framework was made in a normalized way to permit various schools to have the capacity to utilize the framework and get support all the while. To put it plainly, the firm’s items are particularly versatile. The organization will likewise gather colossal measures of data on understudies, making one more potential income stream from sponsors and substance suppliers. Conceivably, Project Achieve could advance into the operational hub for schools. With high exchanging costs, such a position could be appealing to content suppliers and other likely acquirers. Contrasted with NCS’s SASI and ABACUS, Project Achieve has an increasingly coordinated electronic structure and in particular, is less expensive. Moreover, Project Achieve highlights a simpler format and easy to understand interface contrasted with comparable frameworks like IMSeries. With the possibility to be utilized by executives, educators, guardians, and understudies, Project Achieve might turn into the stage for separation learning and correspondence among the previously mentioned parties. This incompletely settles upon Boyd’s capacity to check the innovation needs in the scholarly world. Fortunately, Boyd’s information on the space is one of the firm’s upper hands. Sadly, the company’s mechanical points of interest will most likely be brief after the item hits the market, since contenders are probably going to copy Project Achieve and furthermore move to ntirely electronic items. Also, the firm’s advertising system relies intensely upon the help of governors, however it is faulty whether the firm has the essential campaigning assets to pick up their help. We additionally question the firm’s capacity to allure schools to purchase its charge based program without a business power. Equivalent Company Analysis Based on Exhibit 3 from the case, Project Achieve has nine open organizations that can be indentified as practically identical. Venture Achieve’s nearest practically identical organizations are Click2learn. com, Learn2. com, and Vcampus. These organizations are generally like Project Achieve in that they are for the most part fundamentally web based learning and preparing courseware. Furthermore, these three organizations are generally new in the commercial center with the most seasoned organization, Learn2. com, opening up to the world mid-year 1994. At last, these three organizations have practically no obligation, like Project Achieve’s dependence on inside financing. Boyd can utilize her examination on tantamount organizations in her valuation of Project Achieve to figure Project Achieve’s beta. The tantamount organizations could likewise be utilized in a products based valuation investigation. Sadly we don’t have a total arrangement of information for each firm’s number of endorsers, else we could have done a valuation dependent on esteem per supporter. _Project Achieve’s Discount Rate_ Boyd should utilize a rebate pace of 19. 0% in her valuation of Project Achieve. This rate was resolved utilizing Achieve’s three most practically identical organizations, Click2learn. com, Learn2. com, and Vcampus. These comparables’ value betas were resolved dependent on the development of the market and friends returns since their beginning. We unlevered these betas and took the middle to assess an industry beta. We expected an advantage beta of 1. 15 (the middle resource beta of the three practically identical organizations) and an obligation beta of 0 (with no enthusiasm bearing obligation) for Project Achieve. Utilizing the 30-year treasury rate (5. 94%) as the hazard free rate on account of Project Achieve’s anticipated life and an authentic 7. 0% advertise chance premium, we determined Project Achieve’s rebate rate at 14. 0%. This rebate rate esteems Achieve as an open organization, practically identical to its open partners. As a non-open beginning up, nonetheless, Project Achieve is unquestionably more dangerous than the more settled comparables examined previously. Along these lines, we included a 5% fire up chance premium to arrive at a proper 19% rebate rate for the valuation of Project Achieve. (See Exhibit #1) Valuing Project Achieve In request to gauge the worth gave by every client type to Project Achieve, we should initially distinguish the breakdown of clients dependent on the probabilities given for the situation, and afterward figure the incomes related with each kind of client. To decide the likelihood of a nonexclusive focused on school falling into any client classification, we made a choice tree. Show #2) Per our investigation, there are five end client states †unending Achieve Express clients, two-year clients of Achieve Express, interminable clients of Achieve Express and Achieve Logic, two-year clients of Achieve Express and Achieve Logic, and focused on schools that didn’t react †all with fluctuating probabilities. Presently furnished with the rate breakdown of clients expected for Project Achieve, to decide t he estimation of every client we should conjecture the incomes related with each sort of client. Show #3) All of the expenses and incomes related with each sort of client are definite in Exhibit #3. In the wake of ascertaining a WACC of 19. 00% and estimating incomes for each kind of client, it is anything but difficult to locate the net present estimation of every client. As anyone might expect, two-year Express clients are the main misfortune producers for the firm, with an estimation of - $386. 63 for every two-year Express client. Ceaseless Express clients, two-year Logic clients, and unending Logic clients are every value $1,315. 79, $15,588. 16, and $44,659. 4 separately. (Show #3) Now that we have determined the worth per client for the entirety of our client arrangements (Exhibit #3), we can apply the probabilities found in our choice tree (Exhibit #2) to locate the general worth per focused on client. Doing as such, we locate that each focused on client has an estimation of $5,102. 49. (Show bit) Going one bit farther, we coordinated the worth per focused on client with the estimated number of clients focused to locate the all out estimation of all of Project Achieve’s focused on clients. Limited at WACC (19. 0%), the entirety of the firm’s focused on clients are in total worth $78,805,398. (Display #5) Using the DCF technique, the after assessment estimation of Project Achieve is $11,991,608. (Show #5) The valuation of Project Achieve is very dangerous considering the reliance of the company’s incomes on client obtaining and maintenance. Moreover, Project Achieve’s charge rate alongside its convey forward loss of $1 million will fundamentally influence its worth. The suppositions utilized in esteeming Project Achieve are: All out assessed overhead costs 1999-2000 are $6,524,826 (case Table A) Total costs increment 20% every year for a long time and after the fifth year costs ascend in accordance with membership base Revenues develop 2% yearly after year 5 (pace of increment for target schools) No swelling considered on development rate on the grounds that descending weight on costs with new market contestants will counter expansion $1 million misfortune acquired to date (will worry about forward in charge concern and increment the estimation of Achieve) 35% expense rate (overlooking devaluation) The Role of Investors Given Project Achieve’s status as a beginning time fire up, its absence of a business power, and its need to create associations with political specialists and schools, the firm requires financial specialists that comprehend new companies and can help advertise its items. Holy messenger speculators like Daniel Eliot don’t appear to satisfy both of these prerequisites. Financial speculators profoundly comprehend new companies and could give a major lump of capital, yet they don’t know schools, their valuation is lower than Jostens’, and they would be no assistance in picking up footing for Project Achieve’s items. Moreover, a VC firm would probably require significantly more control than different kinds of financial specialists. Vital financial specialists are the most convincing. A vital speculator may wish to supplement its own development by coordinating Project Achieve’s new innovation into its business. Since vital speculators are quite often in a similar industry as their objectives, they can regularly help with industry contacts and business ability. For instance, Jostens knows schools, has a business power in the field approaching schools, and offers the best valuation. We would go with Jostens now, maybe getting an investor in a later round. We would likewise remember the chance of selling out to Jostens not far off if Project Achieve’s items gain footing. Potential financial specialists have broadly fluctuating appraisals of the estimation of Project Achieve on the grounds that our valuation has numerous viewpoints. Essentially, various financial specialists may have various gauges of item appropriation rates. As talked about before in the paper, we feel that Boyd is as a rule too much idealistic about the likelihood of schools buying her charge based program without inciting from a business power. Since our valuation is altogether reliant on the probabilities showed in our choice tree (Exhibit

IT Infrastructure Management for Liberty Wines - MyAssignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What business dangers had Liberty Wines faced?2.How does Liberty Wines IT foundation sway its serious advantage?3.How did server virtualization advantage Liberty Wines and the environment?4. What information and IT issues were restricting FinCENs capacity to battle monetary crime?5.Describe the IT overhauls and capacities required by FinCEN so as to accomplish its mission.6.On what does budgetary knowledge depend?7.Why is the capacity to recognize examples and connections basic to national security? Answers: 1. Freedom Wines encountered an immense development in the business and its branch neglected to effectively deal with the expansion in volume of information. The systems were very moderate and required more endeavors on upkeep. This suggested loss of effectiveness of representative, and furthermore influences the center procedures of business, for instance, orchestrate preparing of request and the executives of stock As the administration level isn't given, the customers expect in a fast paced condition or the ability to oblige advancement, they bet loss of future business just as the potential loss of current customers. 2. The decrease of expenses of substitution of equipment, force and cooling helps in improving the flexibility just as steadiness with the assistance of reinforcement framework. This aides in accelerating of the procedure of business that empower the quicker running of application, improvement of the primary concern just as better administrations to the clients are been furnished by representatives with extraordinary profitability (Nguyen, Min Park, 2015). In addition, the development of business in future assists with pleasing quickly just as in a simple way. Upper hands are accomplished by the association by decrease of costs, improvement of administrations and extension for development in future. 3. The decrease of 10 servers to 4 servers among which one of the server is been reserved for the reinforcement framework causes cut in for the force use just as 60 percent expenses of cooling the assists with improving the main concern and the helps to diminish the carbon impression. The activity of use is quicker by better usage that yields in better administrations to the clients and fantastic administration of stock. The expenses of equipment substitutions are been decreased by 69500 dollars just as when required the servers can be incorporated quickly and easily. 4. The report containing the information which the money related organization needs to give to FinCEN is of conflicting quality just as ailing in both normalization and approval. During the dissecting of information FinCEN got confined to straightforward schedules just as little datasets. The agency bombed in leading the examination transversely of gigantic datasets just as they need abilities in proactive dissecting and drifting of expectation. The information detailed was finished by using various frameworks those were disconnected. These issues joined for FinCEN to stand up to the issues in quickly recognizing the developing and inventive dangers just as help with upsetting of criminal ventures. 5. The overhauling of FinCEN in its capacities of examination, framework and databases of Information Technology was finished. The investigation that was overhauled required for better gathering and information breaking down with the assistance of different sources. It additionally encourages them by giving the government, state, administrative specialists just as locally requirement. The investigation of the association in ongoing time have the entrance of improved examination just as abilities of assessment. The updating of database was finished by changing over all the information of eleven years from the framework heritage to new record arrangement of FinCEN. The organization having its updated frameworks helps the association in getting, handling and putting away all the reports of FinCEN electronically. The association discharged FinCEN Query Web-based application. This is a creative device for looking through that is been gotten to by the investigation of FinCEN, implementatio n of law, administrative clients and insight by giving the continuous to getting to the previous eleven years information of Bank Secrecy Act. 6. The reliance of money related insight is on the viable examination of information for recognizable proof of examples just as connections which uncover the illegal movement. 7.The insight has the sped up just as capacity for distinguishing the money related launderers just as fear based oppressor financers. It additionally helps in disturbing each crimes occurring inside the country. Research ongoing money related violations that FinCEN has distinguished and upset. Clarify the job of information investigation in wrongdoing recognition. The crucial the association is to give shield to the money related framework from the budgetary wrongdoing and advance the security inside the countries for examining and dispersing the monetary knowledge. The unit of extortion identification just as inner examiners deals with the information just as the framework and afterward process the discovery of misrepresentation. The administration of continuous aides in dynamic (Cross, 2016). Reference List Cross, C. (2016). Utilizing money related knowledge to target online extortion exploitation: applying a tertiary anticipation perspective.Criminal Justice Studies,29(2), 125-142. Nguyen, T. A., Min, D., Park, J. S. (2015). An exhaustive affectability examination of a server farm connect with server virtualization for business continuity.Mathematical Problems in Engineering,2015.

Dissecting a Great Cover Letter

Dissecting a Great Cover Letter One type of writing that is often requested (and just as often misunderstood) is the cover letter. There are several different reasons why a cover letter can be requested. A common instance is a request for a cover letter in addition to ones resume when applying for a new job. Another type of cover letter request is for college applications and vocational certification programs, as well as for when applying for scholarships, grants, and other types of financial aid.Regardless of its intent, a great cover letter is usually required if you want to enter a new program in college or a new job in the workforce, and care should be taken in how it is written. In order to help you with the cover letter writing process, weve divided the task up into three separate parts that should be addressed individually. In the following article, we will discuss details on writing each part â€" the introduction, body, and conclusion â€" as well as provide two sample cover letters.IntroductionIn the first paragraph, introduce yourself, the position youre interested in, and the fact that youre the perfect candidate for the position or the program (if applying to graduate program).You really cant go wrong with this simple formula as the entire introduction of your cover letter. Oftentimes, the best introductions are those that are short, to the point, and nicely worded. While its understandable that you want to give the reader a sense of who you are within a few paragraphs, keep in mind that friendly, concise communication is generally preferred when the reader is receiving multiple cover letters at once.Heres an example of an effective introductory paragraph:I was very excited to learn about the website content manager position you have available at New Marketing, and I would like to take the opportunity to introduce myself and the reason I believe I would be the perfect fit for your creative team.In the second [and following] paragraph, discuss two to three highlights of your career and achievements that show why you are the perfect candidate for the job or program.Think of this paragraph and the next (if you include it as part of the body) as a best of, highlighting two or three achievements or career milestones that make you the perfect candidate for the position. If youve received any awards in your field, this is where you might mention them. If you have been entrusted with leadership roles, increased sales by a certain percentage, or any similar accomplishment that would make you stand out from other candidates, include those as well.Much of what you should include within the second and third paragraphs will be dependent on the position you are seeking, or the program to which you are applying. You should tailor the body of your cover letter to the highlights of your career and experience that would be best suited for the position or program. If its an academic program youre applying to and youre supplying a cover letter for that, the body of your letter s hould mention any papers youve written and published, or research that youve presented at conferences. Any experience conducting research is going to be useful in academic programs, so the person who will be reviewing your cover letter will want to know the extent of your involvement with conducting, analyzing, and writing about research.If the purpose of your cover letter is to apply for a position at a new company, the body of your cover letter should mention work youve done in the past that has prepared you for the job youre writing about. Particularly if the job is in a creative field, supplying web links to your online portfolio pieces gives the reader a quick, easy way to get to know your work. If the cover letter is to be sent via e-mail, you can link your portfolio directly from the letter.Heres an example of a paragraph that links to your portfolio:Content is more than copy or text, and it includes the whole graphical interface a website user experiences when online. As por tfolio pieces Ive designed personally on Squarespace, including all graphic and copy elements, the following links will give you a brief glimpse of what I can do as a creative on your team: [link here] and [link here].In the third paragraph, close with expressing your interest in speaking with the hiring or admissions committee, in person, to further explain why youre the perfect candidate for the job or graduate program.In much the same way that the introduction was short and to the point, your conclusion should restate your interest in the position and your hope for a face-to-face meeting. Let them know how to contact you and close it with a friendly salutation. This paragraph can be considered a call to action (a term used in marketing circles) in the sense that you are requesting they take action and call you in for an interview to learn more about you and your candidacy for the program or position.Something like this:I have additional examples that showcase the scope of the wor k I do as a creative in the fields of web design and marketing, and I would appreciate the opportunity to speak with you further about why I believe I am the perfect candidate for this position. You can contact me by e-mail at [insert e-mail address here] or by phone at [insert phone number here].Or:Although I have written and published multiple pieces in regional magazines, I am most proud of my research on helping low-level readers achieve freedom to read on their own, without assistance, and to develop a love for the act of reading. I hope to continue conducting this type of research in your esteemed program, and I look forward to speaking with you more about my potential as a graduate student.Cover letter formattingWhen writing a cover letter, it is important to keep in mind the same etiquette used in writing letters to an associate or business. Unless it is specifically requested that your cover letter be written as an e-mail, in e-mail format, think of it as a letter that you would send through the postal service, with the recipients name and address â€" along with your name and address â€" included at the top 1/3 of the page. Use easy-to-read font that is between 10 point and 12 point in size, and avoid using colors other than standard blue, gray, or black, depending on the type of paper you will be printing it on.If the letter will be printed, also be sure that the paper you put it on is clean, white, and doesnt have a lot of distracting marks on it (like some stationery might have).Web design sample cover letterYour NameStreet AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDateRecipients NameTitle (if he or she has one)Street AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDear Hiring Manager*:I was very excited to learn about the website content manager position you have available at New Marketing, and I would like to take the opportunity to introduce myself and the reason I believe I would be the perfect fit for your creative team.With extensive experience writing copy across multiple medi a â€" from online content to publishing in local and regional magazines â€" I believe that I will be able to continue to develop creative work that adds to your reputation in the industry. With a bachelors degree in English and a minor in graphic design, I have demonstrated knowledge that I can span both sides of the creative aisle when helping clients with their online brand reputation and content.Content is more than just copy or text, and it includes the whole graphical interface a website user experiences when online. As portfolio pieces Ive designed personally on Squarespace, including all graphic and copy elements, the following links will give you a brief glimpse of what I can do as a creative on your team: here and here.I have additional examples that showcase the scope of the work I do as a creative in the fields of web design and marketing, and I would appreciate the opportunity to speak with you further about why I believe that I am the perfect candidate for this position . You can contact me by e-mail at [insert e-mail address here] or by phone at [insert phone number here].Sincerely,Your name[*note that it is always preferable to use the name of your intended reader, if you have that information available. If you dont have the information available, sometimes a few phone calls are all it takes to know which exact name to write in the salutation. Dear Sir/Madam is sometimes used, but not preferred, according to most experts. If you can write the readers exact name, your letter will have a better opportunity of having a powerful effect on the reader. Its simply human nature to prefer being addressed by your name.]Admission sample cover letterYour NameStreet AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDateRecipients NameTitle (if they have one)Street AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDear Admissions Committee:Having recently earned my Bachelor of Arts in English from The University of Tennessee, I am interested in applying to your graduate program as a candidate for the Mast ers of Education, with certification to teach English for grades 7-12. I believe that I am the perfect candidate for your program, and I am excited to begin the application process.As an honors award recipient throughout all four years of my undergraduate studies, I have had several opportunities to publish my research and work related to the field of language studies and the English curriculum. The piece that I am most proud of was co-written with Dr. Sarah Helding and entitled, Teaching low-level readers to read through finding what motivates them. This particular study was published in the Journal of American Educators and received glowing reviews from the editors of the journal. The best impact of my research, however, was learning that several school systems in the area, particularly those in urban districts, will be adopting the methods we wrote about in their own classes for struggling readers. Knowing that my research will be put to practical, meaningful use is what encourag es me to continue in this field.Although I have written and published multiple pieces in regional magazines, I am most proud of my research into helping low-level readers achieve freedom to read on their own, without assistance, and to develop a love for the act of reading. I hope to continue conducting this type of research in your esteemed program, and I look forward to speaking with you more about my potential as a graduate student.Sincerely,Your name

Turning My Life Around - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 731 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Mr. Jimenez ENG 102 12 September 2010 Turning My Life Around I have come across many times in my past where I have failed to make the right decision. I knew right from wrong and didn’t intend on making the wrong choice, but somehow I managed to mess my whole life in an instant. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Turning My Life Around" essay for you Create order This is one time I think I finally made the right choice when dealing with my life. It was going to be a long and hard battle for me to overcome, but I knew that if I put my brain to good use instead of letting it go to waste that I would get a lot further in life than I had got doing the things that I was doing. Re-enrolling into college was the best decision in my life that I have made, which has turned my life around. Losing my daughter, wanting to resolve conflicts between my mother and I, and desperately wanting to quit my drug addiction were just some of the reasons why doing this was a good thing for me to do. One reason it was the best decision to go back to school is because it helped give me a reason to want to quit doing drugs. Drugs are a bad decision. Either way you look at using drugs they have bad results in the end. Problems within the family usually of these end results from the drug usage. Another reason that continuing my education is that there were issues between me and my mother also a result of my drug issue. All we did was argue and fight all of the time. It was starting to get harder and harder to communicate with my mom. Then, when CYFD took my daughter from me things really got bad for me. Then, on May of 2009 CYFD took my little girl. They took custody of my nine year old daughter Marissa. Just the look on my baby’s face was enough for any man or woman to grow weak in the knees. It hurt me so bad to see how all of this had affected her life, which made me realize why choosing college was the best thing in my life for me to do. Re-enrolling into college was the best decision in my life that I have made. I had made a lot of wrong decisions in my life and didn’t want to continue this hard life that I was living and do what was best for my daughter. This is where it was up to me to stop making bad choices and to think like an adult and to be a responsible parent like I should have in the first place. I shouldn’t have let situations in my life get to this point, but I’m only human and humans make mistakes. I had been through a lot of hardships making life harder, putting my daughter through most of them. I was hurting a lot of people and myself in the process. I wanted to make things right with everyone. What was it going to take to make me stop and realize just how bad I was hurting myself and other people by doing what I was doing? I knew it was going to be harder for me to do due to the fact that I was getting older and had wasted a good portion of my life away on drugs, but was willing to do it anyway. School was an option that was open for me, luckily I had one last chance to receive financial aid and I decided to finally go for it. Taking responsibility for my actions is the best possible thing I could have done for myself and now that I am a full time student I feel so much better about myself. I now have the confidence to take life as it comes. College is showing me just how much of a better person I can be and it feels great. I may have made bad choices in the past and have learned from my mistakes, but now I think I finally made the best decision I could ever have made and have been attending college since. Now I can do what I have to do to get my daughter back and to have a normal life like I’m supposed to with a happy ending.

Human Development Is The Roots Of Work Essay - 2284 Words

This paper will present research from a peer-reviewed articles to explain human development in the context of current trends within the selected topic LIFE SPAN and subtopics of infant care, childhood, adolescence, adult and gerontology. Research is important in psychology as it can provide professionals like psychology professionals, guidance counselors, and marketing executives with a baseline of typical and atypical in human behavior . Understanding the aging process is important to a Psychologist, to do this one must research developmental psychology. The research presented in Lifespan theory has led to propositions and arguments, which emphasize, clarify, and articulate important developmental issues. and the topic. briefly describes your topics, (development involves both gain and loss) Thomas, J. E. (2015) states developmental psychology is the roots of work of B.F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson, who spread theories of behaviorism, constructivism, and psychosoci al development. The most recent developments in learning theory are multiple intelligences, a theory that attempts to explain the ways in which different individuals learn. Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the intellectual, social and emotional development of humans. The research that follows will provide a literature review that will address the topic of the paper LIFE SPAN. (Baltes, 1987) states that life-span developmental psychology is the field of psychology,Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Human Systems845 Words   |  4 PagesUnsustainability in the environment stemmed from human assumption, mechanisms, and economics. Human systems are used because they provide consumers with products that it necessary, yet these necessary contraptions are the root cause to an unsustainable environment (Chiras, 2016). 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Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system that replaces or augments the traditionally paper-based reference materials and documents used on a flight deck. EFB comprises of both the harware and software used to provide this service. It however does not include Personal Data Assistants (PDAs), Calculators etc which are personal belongings of crewmembers. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system or any similar topic only for you Order Now These personal belongings are tagged Personal Electronic Devices (PED).[1] EFBs were developed in the early 1990s. The market for EFBs underwent a geometric increase after the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) published a circular on EFB giving guidelines for certification, airworthiness and operational approval. [2] Today, EFBs come in a variety of forms with variying software/harware capabilities. They have not only provided the basic information needed on the flight deck but also serve as a medium to communicate new information to the flight deck. The EFB is an integral part of flight operating procedures and full training is required to utilise all its functionalities. The sensitivity of information derived from the EFB cannot be overemphasised and as such care must be taken by its operator to verify that such information are accurate and derived from verifiable and reliable sources. The EFB is manned by an EFB Administrator. EFB Administrator is in charge of the EFB hardware and software. His responsibilities include ensuring that the hardware meets the required specifications and also that the current software applications for maximum yield is installed. He is also in charge of the EFB’s hardware that no unauthorised user accesses it and that no unauthorised user amends information on the EFB’s software. The latest EFB are broad in their mode of operations. They correspond in near real-time to ground structures for example maintenance management, crew roaster and briefing, flight scheduling and safety organization. Pilots could have the capability to annotate and archive electronically distributed flight plans post-flight and read/acknowledge electronic noticies; provide two-way messaging between pilots and ground staff; allows flight support staff to wirelessly transmit last-minute updates or revisions to aircraft anywhere in the world. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS Electronic Flight Bags fall into three hardware classes: Class 1: Considered as a controlled Personal Electronic Devices, these are generally commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)-based computer systems used for aircraft operations e.g. a laptop or pen tablet PC loaded with appropriate electronic approach plates, charts and other flight planning software. They are portable and are loaded with data (such as chart updates, weather forecasts and flight reports) outside the aircraft and carried on board by the pilot. They are not attached to an aircraft mounting device but can connect to aircraft power through a certified power source. They are normally without aircraft data connectivity except under specific condition. This class of EFB systems do not require airworthiness approval. Class 2: Considered as controlled PED, these are commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)-based computer systems that have been modified by their resellers to include appropriate software and hardware to enable them work with the avionics, particularly the GPS. They are portable and pilots can take them outside the aircraft, they are connected to an aircraft mounting device during normal operations. They provide access to aircraft data and to an optional airborne network server that can be connected to an Airport Terminal Wireless LAN Unit and satellite avionics as well as the ACARS unit. This class of EFB systems require airworthiness approval. Class 3: These are EFB systems purposely designed and built for use in the cockpit, they are able to access critical systems requiring heavier certification. These: display the aircraft position on airport runways and the position of surrounding aircraft connect to airborne file servers linked to various aircraft communication systems, providing real-time weather information integrate into the airline’s operational systems, providing performance information, technical data and crew information. Applications that run on Electronic Flight Bags The applications run on Electronic Flight Bags are categorized in three software categories which are Type A, Type B and Type C. Type A These include: Static applications, such as document viewer (PDF, HTML, XML formats); Electronic checklists (ECL); Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport NOTAM; Flight performance calculation; Type B These include: Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B) Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras; Real-time weather data display, including weather map; Type C Can be used as a Multi-function display (MFD) in at least one case as part of an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast system. Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB. BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS The following are some of the benefits derived from the use of EFB systems: Weight reduction: The incorporation of EFB systems reduces the amount paper in the cockpit, which decreases weight and cuts down clutter: Indexing: This allows quick and easy access to information Improved maintenance readiness Increased efficiency of operations Improved aircraft-to-ground data transfer that is near real-time, highly resilient and secure Keep information up-to-date, enabling easy document revision (e.g., through wireless data transfer) Reduce time, cost and workload required to update documents Reduce fuel and maintenance costs by using accurate take-off and landing calculations Improve safety and punctuality with onboard performance calculations Increase payload with real-time performance calculations Improve routing decisions by accessing real-time weather information FEATURES OF LATEST TYPES OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS Some of the features and advantages of the latest types of EFB systems are: They are designed to offer exceptional readability in all cockpit ambient light conditions for charts, documents, weather data or other electronic data. They increase situational awareness in-flight with en-route, approach charts, moving map display, graphical weather information. Enabling pre-flight scheduling and efficient right of entry to up-to-date aircraft documentation, checklists, and operational scheduling information improves productivity Compact, light weight design enables easy installation in a variety of cockpits. There is also additional line select keys, which the EFB offers a â€Å"film-on-glass† touch-sensitive screen giving pilots a choice when accessing or navigating through EFB software applications The functionalities of the Application Manager capabilities include the following: Electronic Tech Log – this a log with all technical a data entries, pattern of workflow control to guarantee quality of the aircraft release procedure and quick-entry tools for fault logging; ARINC 429 compatible Journey Log – this section of the log keeps records of crew hour, tracking the location and time left on the journey and it also records data and data capture, including ground-service usage, block times and fuel uplifts Flight Library –. There’s a complete navigational support which is reliable and booked marked with search facilities that will reduce pilots’ time to find and access necessary information Flight Folder – this is a folder has capacity for pilots to make notes on and this archive is electronically distributed flight strategy post-flight and read / accept electronic notices; it is also endow with two-way messaging between pilots and ground staff; permits flight support staff to wirelessly transmit last-minute updates or revisions to aircraft anywhere in the world Forms Library – with these flexible data-capture through airline-configured form templates it allows keyboard or pen entry, attachments, comments and pictures; with simple validation rules certify data quality; form data is sent wirelessly to the proper recipient Charts, Weather, and CCTV – An easy and fast integration of specialist tools for performance, charts, weather and closed-circuit TV allow you to change stuff whenever you choose. DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT CONTROL BAGS Usability: EFB systems come in different shapes and forms and because there are no â€Å"standard† or â€Å"fixed† specifications with respect to dimensions, some may be difficult to use by the pilot during flight. For example, a large flip-top laptop used as EFB may be too bulky and awkward to work with in the cockpit; similarly, a tiny PDA may have a keypad which pose a difficulty in data entry or a screen size too small to be read at a particular distance. Some EFB systems may even have greater advantages in some situations than others. Complexity: EFB systems incorporate several functions into their make up, thus making it complex. This complex nature may make it difficult to use. Some may even require their users to undergo special training sessions before using them. Costs: EFB systems can have high initial/installation costs, especially class 3 EFB. Some EFB systems may require the purchase and installation of additional software to make them work. Legal requirements: Legal issues such as non-interference requirements, evaluation and certification approval have to be taken into account in the use of EFB systems. For example, Class 3 EFB systems are required to meet the same certification requirements of any avionics product. Technical issues: As with almost all electronic devices, some technical difficulties may be encountered in their use e.g. battery life, availability of backlight in case of use in the low lighting conditions, usability in certain weather conditions, etc. Data integrity: Typically, EFB systems accept data as input, processes the data and gives result as output. If the data fed into it is inaccurate, it gives wrong results. FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT THE SELECTION OF EFB SYSTEMS The non-standard and personalised nature of some of EFB systems can make the process of selection of an appropriate system a challenge. The high initial and/or installation costs of EFB systems do not make this process any easier. While EFB systems are designed to have the primary objective of replacing or augmenting the traditionally paper-based reference materials and documents used on a flight deck, other factors are worth considering before investing in them. Bitterfield (2010) shows a â€Å"decision matrix† which is a compilation of factors in the form of questions to consider before selecting an appropriate EFB system: Questions to ask before selecting an EFB system: Initial purchase cost Annual subscription cost Software Features that you must have Flight Planning (on/offline) VFR Charts IFR Charts Low Enroute Approach Plates/Procedures Airport Directory of one kind or another (AFD or AOPA) Do you fly above 18KIf so high-enroute. Good to have if you have a turbo and might need one day. How long does it take to update the information Subscription What is included Is it priced by region/country Do I pay for everything ala-carte Hardware Features Can I buy my own hardware What is the warranty How is warranty work done What platform(PC/iPAD/Proprietary) Is an SSD Required (Do you fly above 10k’ regularly?) External USB port for Jeppesen / King updater Screen Brightness SUPER BRIGHT for Canopy Moderate Bright for Low Wing Regular screen for High Wing GPS Can the GPS be used in flight(AC 92.21) Does it work with your aircraft (Hi/low wing) How long does the battery last(Recommend a 4hr). Heavy use of transmitters Bluetooth , WiFi, or 3G limit battery life Weather (Is it an option) XM [ Paid ] ADS-B [Free ] What does the receiver cost Terrain(Is it an option) Do I need it Might already be in my 430/530. What is my total cost of ownership for the year CONCLUSION Since the advent of the computer age, the world has been tending more and more towards digitization and computerization of systems. The aviation industry has not been an exception to this and among the evidences that support this opinion is the emergence of EFB systems. While the total replacement of the use of traditional paper-based documents and reference material in the cockpit may not immediately be in sight, current trends seem to show that EFB systems are here to stay. Based on the arguments presented in this essay, it is safe to say that the implementation of EFB systems takes other factors into consideration in order to be effective and it will be of use for the aviator to be aware and consider some of those factors before venturing into investing in EFB systems. REFERENCES Isle of man Aircraft Registry 27th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences Bitterfield, Colin (2010) How to Select an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) Available at: http://mooniacs.blogspot.com/2010/09/how-to-select-electronic-flight-bag-efb.html (Accessed: March 31, 2011) Smith, Dale (no date) What’s New With Electronic Flight Bags[Online] Available at: http://www.aeapilotsguide.com/pdf/03_Archive/AEAPG03EFBs.pdf (Accessed: March 31, 2011) Teledyne Controls (2010) Electronic Flight Bags (EFB) Available at: http://www.teledyne-controls.com/productsolution/efb/benefits.asp (Accessed: March 31, 2011) How to cite Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system, Essay examples

Ubiquitous Computing and Smart home

Question: Discuss about the Ubiquitous Computing and Smart home. Answer: Introduction The technique of Ubiquitous computing was first introduced in the year 1988 by Mark Weiser. Mark Weiser worked as a Chief Technologist at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) (Van den Broek 2013). Mark Weiser identified the shift of the recent trend from traditional computing to micro computers and he wrote many papers in this subject in some of the papers he included John Seely Brown, a chief scientist of PARC to sketch the major outcomes of this type of computing (Hernandez-Castro and Avoine 2016). The term Ubiquitous Computing is used to define the concept where computers are used everywhere. The report discusses the application of Ubiquitous computing in the smart home. The interaction with computers with the human takes place in any condition or any location. The appliances that are used by the human beings can be integrated with embedded chips to connect the device with other network devices. For example the car appliances, coffee mugs, fridges etc. can be embedded with chips to connect the device with other devices on the network. Elements of Ubiquitous Computing Devices It consists of computing nodes and its size varies from miniature to large, input devices such as video input, voice input, touchpad or keypad input, display devices and it may be soft or hard surface display, storage devices slow or fast and communication devices wireless or wired (Dourish and Bell 2014). Communication Links It may be physical link or logical links and the physical links link consists of fixed wireless, mobile wireless, fixed wired or hybrid (Krumm 2016). Interfacing technologies There are different types of technologies used in ubiquitous computing such as touch panel technology, video interface technology, navigational technology, voice interface technology, hybrid technology and handwriting based interface (Langheinrich 2012). Ubiquitous Computing and Smart home Ubiquitous computing is essential for building a smart home; it helps the individual in automating the daily physical task of the person living in the home. The application of ubiquitous computing would make the life easy and help the individual to lead a more independent life. This is accomplished by presenting the innovation in the home (Lai et al. 2013). It can be applied at three levels, which are outer framework, fundamental utilities, and local apparatuses. Using ubiquitous computing the traditional system can be changed and enhances the quality of life by introducing technology in their life. This computing process used for the smart home can adapt itself according to the location. It behaves and interacts according to the nearby objects and peoples (Chung 2014). This system can also detect the change in its environment. Many projects have been researched and we can conclude that the smart home can make our life more easy and fluent. Many electronic devices suitable for buildi ng a smart home are developed using ubiquitous computing such as intelligent locks, plant watering monitor, controllable lights, floor sensor, motorized curtain, inhabitant identification devices, etc (Dawadi, Cook and Schmitter-Edgecombe 2013). The smart home requires to produce an environment where the technologies used could interact with each other without taking input from the user for multiple times. To make the device work with each other it is important to build the device in such a manner that they can communicate with each other through wireless or wired means. The devices are built to consume less power and reduce their size such that it is difficult the device to be detected (Viani et al. 2013). The device are designed according to the requirement and their workings, they can be embedded in the fabrics of the home and have no restriction for the natural movement of the resident. The device of the smart home is connected to a centrally controlled device from where the user can control and set different boundaries for the device (Kaye and Dourish 2014). The central control device may be personal desktop computer, Smartphone, laptops or any other handheld devices. There are many challenges faced during the application of Ubiquitous computing in the practical scenario (Li, Lee and Weng 2013). Mainly the challenges are faced in engineering and designing the system, modelling the system and to build the user interface design. The command-line, GUI based or menu-driven interaction models are inadequate for Ubiquitous computing (Martnez-Torres et al. 2015). When multiple devices are connected in the network and they communicate it could be a difficult process for the central device to convert the different format of communication signals. Data Distribution in Smart home The use of Ubiquitous computing in Smart home has recently grown at a rapid rate in the recent years. The introduction of Smart television has changed the interaction of the data and the audio and video recording technologies have improved. There is a need to centralize the system such that all the devices communicate with a single channel and the data should be distributed from the central device (Li, Lee and Weng 2013). The multimedia devices that are use in the smart home are controlled using a central controlling device that distributes the data gathered from the different ubiquitous devices and forwards the response to the destination device. Arduino microcontroller can be used to connect the devices to the web and make the device work as programmed (Hu and Li 2013). The sensors and the other devices are directly connected to the microcontroller and works according to the command given by it. The smart home appliances and the environment of the home can be controlled remotely by the house owner since each of the devices is connected to the web through the microcontroller. The Ubiquitous system can be of different types and they are categorized into three different forms such as: Dust: These are miniature devices and are developed without having output visual display and their size varies from nanometres to millimetres (Martnez-Torres et al. 2015). Some of the examples of this kind of devices are MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) Skin: Conductive polymers and light emitter can be induced with the fabrics to form an organic computer device (Hu and Li 2013). These devices are flexible and non-planar and can be used as a display surface. MEMS can be used in the product to make the product communicate with the other devices in the network. Clay: Multiple MEMS can be connected together to form an arbitrary three dimensional figure. It can be used in different objects for better interface connections. System Architecture of Smart home Figure 1: System Architecture of the Ubiquitous Smart home (Source: Viani et al. 2013) In the figure above a low cost environment for a smart home is shown in which all the devices and sensors are centrally connected with the Arduino Ethernet server (Chung 2014). The server is a microcontroller device and it is the main link between the devices and the user that is the user can interact with the devices through the server and change the settings according to the needs (Martnez-Torres et al. 2015). Smart home are the future of living environment, there is an increase in security in smart home. Intruder alert can be deployed in the smart home using the motion sensor and immediately alert the owner and the nearest police station and prevent burglary. Fire alarm can also be used in the smart home to increase the safety using gas and smoke sensor (Li, Lee and Weng 2013). The sensor alerts the owner if there is any gas leak in the kitchen or any smoke coming in any room and the owner can take immediate action. Automated door lock can also be used that makes the life of the o wner easy and he can have access to his house without using any keys. The owner can also check that if he had locked all the doors or not, if he has not locked the door he can lock it remotely (Lai et al. 2013). Smart home makes the life of a person easy the more power can be saved using the ubiquitous devices. The room temperature and lighting condition of the house change according to the weather condition and the timing (Chung 2014). The user can also manually adjust all the things or pre program the devices to work according to the choice of the owner. Result and Discussion There are different sensors and Radio Frequency Interface Devices (RFID) used in the smart home to make the device interconnected with each other (Viani et al. 2013). The smart home can assist the person living in the house like remind the person about the cricket match. The smart home opens new opportunity in the life of a person with the application of ubiquitous computing technology. It provides increase in the communication, functionality and the awareness (Kaye and Dourish 2014). There is a recent increase in the likelihood of the smart home and it is expected that there would be an increase in Smart home user in the upcoming years. There are a number of challenges faced for the implication of smart home they are mostly technical, pragmatic and social domain (Langheinrich 2012). These problems can be reduced when there would be increased smart home owners. The ubiquitous computing can be deployed in the real world in many of the fields; it can be applied to smart homes to automa te the room temperature and lighting condition of the rooms (Button et al. 2015). Different sensors are built using this technology and these sensors are applied in wide range of devices like the orientation sensor or proximity sensor of a mobile phone. There is a scope of future development of the smart home using ubiquitous computing (Baig and Gholamhosseini 2013). The smart home can act in case of a health emergency of the owner of the house and automatically communicate with the nearest hospital or service and thus can save the life of the owner. Conclusion The report discusses about the smart home developed using ubiquitous computing devices that can be controlled remotely and interact with each other and the owner of the house. The smart home system should be designed including the user of the system such that the requirement of the user is clearly understood. The devices are controlled by the owner of the house remotely using smart phone. All the devices and sensors used in the smart home are connected to a central microcontroller and the microcontroller is connected to the web servers. The connection can be wired or wireless connection the wireless connection is hassle free and it reduces the wiring cost the smart features are applied in an existing home. The ubiquitous computing is applied for the introduction of the devices and sensors and linking it with management software through which all the devices can be managed. References Baig, M.M. and Gholamhosseini, H., 2013. Smart health monitoring systems: an overview of design and modeling.Journal of medical systems,37(2), pp.1-14. Button, G., Crabtree, A., Rouncefield, M. and Tolmie, P., 2015. NewEthnography and Ubiquitous Computing. InDeconstructing Ethnography(pp. 61-84). Springer International Publishing. Chung, K.Y., 2014. Recent trends on convergence and ubiquitous computing.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(6), pp.1291-1293. Dawadi, P.N., Cook, D.J. and Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., 2013. Automated cognitive health assessment using smart home monitoring of complex tasks.IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics: systems,43(6), pp.1302-1313. Dourish, P. and Bell, G., 2014. Resistance is futile: reading science fiction alongside ubiquitous computing.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(4), pp.769-778. Hernandez-Castro, J. and Avoine, G., 2016, April. Cryptanalysis of ubiquitous computing systems. In2016 18th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON)(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Hu, Q. and Li, F., 2013. Hardware design of smart home energy management system with dynamic price response.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(4), pp.1878-1887. Kaye, J. and Dourish, P., 2014. Special issue on science fiction and ubiquitous computing.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(4), pp.765-766. Krumm, J. ed., 2016.Ubiquitous computing fundamentals. CRC Press. Lai, Y.X., Lai, C.F., Huang, Y.M. and Chao, H.C., 2013. Multi-appliance recognition system with hybrid SVM/GMM classifier in ubiquitous smart home.Information Sciences,230, pp.39-55. Langheinrich, M., 2012.Privacy in ubiquitous computing. Chapman Hall Crc. Li, C.T., Lee, C.C. and Weng, C.Y., 2013. An extended chaotic maps based user authentication and privacy preserving scheme against DoS attacks in pervasive and ubiquitous computing environments.Nonlinear Dynamics,74(4), pp.1133-1143. Martnez-Torres, M.D.R., Daz-Fernndez, M.D.C., Toral, S.L. and Barrero, F., 2015. The moderating role of prior experience in technological acceptance models for ubiquitous computing services in urban environments.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,91, pp.146-160. Van den Broek, E.L., 2013. Ubiquitous emotion-aware computing.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,17(1), pp.53-67. Viani, F., Robol, F., Polo, A., Rocca, P., Oliveri, G. and Massa, A., 2013. Wireless architectures for heterogeneous sensing in smart home applications: Concepts and real implementation.Proceedings of the IEEE,101(11), pp.2381-2396.

TCT TEL Comm TEK Company Commerce Essay Example For Students

TCT TEL Comm TEK Company Commerce Essay First, measuring from point of position of proficient competency ( indicated by past occupation public presentation ) campaigners, all of them had positive evaluations. Wallace rated as proficient and Harrison considered extremely competent and poised to travel into high-level direction. Atasi Das on a regular basis earned first-class evaluations. Jalan Bukit Seng systematically rated positive. Saumitra Chakraborty has successfully increased TCT India s gross revenues. From point of position of adaptiveness ( self-maintenance, satisfactory relationships with host subjects and sensitiveness to host environments ) Harrison, Desai, Seng and Chakraborty are good option for TCT ( TEL-COMM-TEK ) . Harrison has worked in the Asian Regional Office and traveled on a regular basis toured TCT s Southeast Asiatic operations. Desai is presently an helper pull offing manager in the big Asiatic operation and citizen of India. Seng is the pull offing manager of TCT s assembly operation in Malaysia. Chakraborty is the helper to the going pull offing manager in India. Furthermore he has outstanding Indian households and authorities functionaries along with his skillfulness in the ways of the Indian Business environment. Outline1 2. What challenges might each campaigner brush in the place?2 3.How might TCT ( TEL-COMM-TEK ) go about minimising the challenges confronting each campaigner?3 Tom Wallace4 BrettHarrison5 Atasi Das6 Ravi Desai7 Jalan Bukit Seng8 SaumitraChakraborty9 4.Should all campaigners receive the same compensation bundle? If non, what factors should act upon each bundle?10 Wallace11 Harrison12 Hyrax13 Desai14 Seng15 Chakraborty16 Direct Compensation Costss17 Company Paid Costss18 Table 1. Required compansation bundle of campaigners19 5. What recommendations can you offer to assist a company confronting this kind of determination that will enable to equilibrate professional and personal characters?20 6. Returning to stuff covered in Chapter 15, specifically that covering with the thought of a matrix organisation, do you see any benefit to naming two of the persons described here to the station? Operationally, one person would be in charge of internal personal businesss, and the other wo uld pull off external personal businesss. What might be the likely benefits and jobs with this agreement? 2. What challenges might each campaigner brush in the place? We will write a custom essay on TCT TEL Comm TEK Company Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Wallace s strong points are that he is a knowing 30-year TCT veteran and experienced in the proficient and gross revenues facets of occupation. He supported some supply concatenation enterprises in the U.S. market and presently supervises a U.S.-based operation that is similar size of India s new mill. He has superiors typically rate his public presentation as proficient and involvement in an expatriate place. However Wallace besides has weak points that linguistic communication job and no international working experience. So his major challenge will be the adaptiveness to the unfamiliar and inexperient peculiar environment. Harrison s strong points are that high competence, experience in the Asian Regional Office and good familiarity with geographics, political relations, imposts, and mentalities. But, his weak points are linguistic communication job, teenage kids educational job, and calling of his married woman. His expected challenge will be his personal job sing to his household affair. Das s strong points are first-class calling public presentation, adequate experience between staff and line places and single-status. She speaks Hindi as she was born in Indian-American immigrant household and has several household members and relations in India. Her weak points that are no international experience, deficiency of understanding Indian concern environment, and concerns about rough sexual favoritism. Her chief challenge will come from deficiency of international experience. Desai s strong points are that experience in the larger Asiatic operation, M.B.A. degree from esteemed Indian Institute of Management, and native Indian. On the contrary, his weak points are that immature kids and no working experience in his place state. His challenge will be his personal affairs about his household. .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .postImageUrl , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:hover , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:visited , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:active { border:0!important; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:active , .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5a9a5913cf31c26b474541d581a9d0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Petrys View Of Victimization In The Street EssaySeng s strong points are that experience worked in either Singapore or Malaysia and willingness to larn other linguistic communications as needed, single-status, and good public presentation with international country. In contrast, his weak points that linguistic communication job and no Indian experience. How to accommodating to different concern environment will be his chief challenge. Chakraborty s strong points are that positive public presentation evaluation, good connexion with outstanding Indian households and authorities functionaries, skillfulness in the ways of the Indian concern environment and fluid linguistic communication accomplishments including local linguistic communications and single-status. However, Chakraborty lacks direct-line and international experience and his chief challenge will come from it. 3.How might TCT ( TEL-COMM-TEK ) go about minimising the challenges confronting each campaigner? Tom Wallace Give translating service, local helper and health care support BrettHarrison Give more compensation bundle. Atasi Das Give an helper assisting her international matter. Ravi Desai Give more compensation bundle including immature kids instruction surport. Jalan Bukit Seng Give Hindi instruction and local helper. SaumitraChakraborty Give more chance to line and international experience 4.Should all campaigners receive the same compensation bundle? If non, what factors should act upon each bundle? Wallace Harrison Hyrax Desai Seng Chakraborty Direct Compensation Costss Base Salary Foreign-Service N/A Goods A ; Service derived function N/A Housing N/A Tax Derived functions N/A N/A Company Paid Costss Education High High N/A High N/A N/A Indian income revenue enhancements Transportation traveling costs High High Medium Medium Low N/A Assorted costs High High Medium Medium Low N/A Working Spouse allowance None High N/A None N/A N/A Annual place leave High High Medium Medium Medium Low Additional wellness insurance, Pension addendums, emptying coverage High High Low High Low Low Table 1. Required compansation bundle of campaigners The compensation bundle will non be same because each campaigner are in different state of affairs. Wallace and Harrison would be received more compensation as they need to travel to India with their household. In add-on, interlingual rendition service cost, kids education cost and more transportation traveling cost and assorted cost compared to individual campaigners should be included. It is expected that Wallace would lief hold of the publicity, as his current place is supposed to be eliminated in six months. This chance is the best manner he maintains his calling until his retirement, so his foreign service cost will be smaller than others. In Harrison instance, nevertheless, it is more complicated as his married woman has her ain calling. If she wants to maintain her calling, she will decline to relocate and it besides affects Harrison s determination. The more compensation should be included to do his married woman agree to relocate. Although Das has Indian background, she was born in and has lived in the United States. It is required to supply transportation traveling cost. However the sum is lower than campaigners with household. Desai and Seng besides need traveling cost, but the geographic distance is shorter than other campaigners come from the United States. Chakraborty does non necessitate to relocate and he is a individual. Therefore his company paid costs would be the least among the campaigners. 5. What recommendations can you offer to assist a company confronting this kind of determination that will enable to equilibrate professional and personal characters? Given this state of affairs, taking an exile is non simple job. Basically exiles are refering about unaccustomed foreign life and their unsure hereafter after repatriation, such as disadvantage on their publicity and losing competence. However, in this instance the campaigners are expected to advance to the higher degree of place. Therefore their major concern will non be their hereafter position in the company. Rank appliers harmonizing to the standards that the company requires from campaigners. Those campaigners have important strengths and failing. Therefore, it is of import to set up the standards more specifically. For the pull offing manager place, experience in the company, proficient competency including managerial accomplishments, linguistic communication ability and countries of expertness should be considered. Besides it is of import to look into campaigner s adaptiveness because working in different environment is wholly different affair. Then see his/her compensation bundle, efficiency compared to costs, and the capableness that the company could afford to the directors, such as orientation plans, and developing chances to heighten their ability. 6. Returning to stuff covered in Chapter 15, specifically that covering with the thought of a matrix organisation, do you see any benefit to naming two of the persons described here to the station? Operationally, one person would be in charge of internal personal businesss, and the other would pull off external personal businesss. What might be the likely benefits and jobs with this agreement? Some MNEs pursue schemes that try at the same time to cover with viing force per unit areas for planetary integrating and local reactivity. As the campaigners have important pros and cons and those are supplemented, using matrix construction could be a good solution. The key is the function of Chakraborty. He is merely candidate to the full understanding curious Indian environment. He is besides able to talk three linguistic communications including Hindi and the local linguistic communication of Bengaluru. Although Das is besides a strong campaigner from this point, established human relation and good public presentation is his privilege plus. However, he lacks of direct-line experience as he has kept the helper place since he joined the company. Although he is about well-known individual, he does non hold international on the job experience. Therefore he could be non suited for one end of the company, planetary integrating. The other campaigners worked abroad deficiency of Indian local environment. Even though Harrison is good acquainted with imposts and many exiles, making concern straight is wholly different. So naming two persons to pull off internal personal businesss and external personal businesss individually is heightening each person s strengths and addendum of those failings.

Treatment of Inmates with Mental Health Issues

Treatment of Inmates with Mental Health Issues Free Online Research Papers The number of inmates suffering from mental disorders in correctional institutions has burgeoned considerably in recent years. Consequently it is the single most important issue in corrections today. The task of correctional institutions is twofold, firstly they serve to reprimand and punish offenders who have run afoul of the law and secondly the focus is on reform and reintegration into respectable society. Daunting and challenging as the task is, it has been complicated immeasurably on account of the number of inmates battling with mental health issues as their special needs must be attended to in addition to the care and management of the other prisoners. The needs of the said populace tends to throw the smooth functioning of the correctional setting out of joint and gives rise to a host of other problems. In the words of Johnson (2005) , â€Å"Unplanned for and unmet needs of mentally disordered offenders can cause significant disruption in the correctional environment and give rise to liability concerns and litigation† (p. 107) . Inmates with mental health issues are very fragile emotionally and they are likely to find confinement threatening. They tend to suffer from depression, low self – esteem, feelings of anxiety, hostility, rage and depression. Therefore these offenders must be dealt with cautiously as they are considered a security risk and are dangerous to themselves as well as others. Furthermore they are a considerable drain on resources. Given the explosive situation, effective treatment of inmates with mental health issues is imperative. The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Inmates In recent times, there is evidence that more and more of the mentally disordered have been shepherded behind bars as opposed to hospitals where they belong. In fact the number of offenders with mental disorders within the correctional setting is disproportionately high. According to Weinstein, Kim, Mack, Malavade, and Saraiya (2005) , â€Å"The prevalence of severe mental illness in correctional facilities is significantly higher than the prevalence in the community† (p. 44) . There are many plausible reasons for the prevalence of mental disorders among inmates. These individuals usually do not manifest overt symptoms of advanced psychosis, fearing stigmatization by the community at large they become rather adept at concealing signs of mental illness. They are not deemed dangerous enough to be institutionalized and are released into the community due to a lack of telltale symptoms. De – institutionalization has also led to increased imprisonment. Often such disturbed members of the populace have trouble functioning in socially acceptable ways and usually get into trouble with the law. They are arrested on charges of violence, homicide, assault, or drug trafficking. Santamour and West have attempted to explain this predilection for breaking the law on the part of the mentally disturbed by suggesting that â€Å"†¦ critical cognitive and related personal characteristics of those with mental retardation may contribute under certain circumstances t o an unwitting participation in activities that are illegal† (as cited in Gardner, Graeber Machkovitz, 2000, p. 332) . Public sentiment is largely in favor of incarceration as mentally ill offenders are viewed with prejudice. They are seen as a menace and a threat to the safety of respectable citizens and people feel safer when they are locked away. The courts have also adopted a stricter stand on sentencing law – breakers and therefore all offenses are dealt with severely. All these factors have contributed to increased incarceration and the number of mentally disordered among the incarcerated populace has increased drastically. Statistical reports bear testament to the increase in the number of mentally disordered offenders. Lamb, Weinberger, Marsh, and Gross (2007) have stated that, The latest methodologically sound estimates of the percentages of persons diagnosed as having severe mental illness range from 10% to 19% of jail populations, 18% to 27% of state prison populations, and 16% to 21% of federal prison populations, as determined by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (p. 782) . These findings have been confirmed by a U.S. Department of Justice survey which found that â€Å"Psychotic symptoms are reported by 15% and 24% of all prison and jail inmates, respectively† (Lamberti, 2007, p. 773) . In light of these findings, it is apparent that special consideration must be given to this issue before it mushrooms into further trouble. Effective treatment and management of mentally disordered inmates is the best way to curb this situation and curtail its negative ramifications for society. This approach ensures that the mentally disordered offender gets some much needed treatment and hopefully is fully rehabilitated in the long run and successfully makes the transition back into society. The Need for Treatment Programs Confinement can be extremely stressful for mentally disordered offenders and it may aggravate existing symptoms or trigger latent ones. Inmates have to adhere to strict rules and are deprived of the freedom and many outside privileges they had hitherto taken for granted. They may have to face harassment from their fellow inmates and correctional officers, struggle with boredom and feelings of resentment, paranoia and anxiety. These conditions are stressful for all inmates but given the precarious states of inmates with mental disorders, the situation can be particularly distressing. If left unchecked or ignored they are likely to become increasingly unstable and unpredictable and are given to bouts of violence, depression and other disruptive activities. In this state there is always the chance that they may harm themselves or others. Treatment programs may well take the edge of the stress, help inmates cope more effectively and make the correctional environment safer. According to D voskin and Spiers (2004) , treatment â€Å"†¦ serves a proactive protective function by intervening before a situation becomes a crisis, thereby not only alleviating pain in the individual, but also preventing unnecessary disruptive and costly drain on system resources† (p. 46) . Suicidal tendencies are high among mentally disordered inmates for the reasons outlined above. The American Public Health Association (2003) , has reported that â€Å"Suicide is a leading cause of death among persons confined to correctional facilities even though it is largely preventable through a well – functioning mental health program† (p. 60) . Disturbed inmates may be unable to cope with their illness and the attendant stressors of confinement and may choose to take their lives. Treatment programs that focus on detecting suicidal intent, implementing appropriate measures to curb these tendencies and thereby prevent suicide must be devised in order to protect the lives of inmates. While the practice of incarcerating mentally disordered offenders is debatable, the fact remains that correctional institutions by executing carefully planned treatment policies and procedures are extremely well placed to render invaluable services to these individuals and in the process to society as well. In the words of Kendig (2006) , The highly structured, controlled environment of a prison is conducive to managed – care efforts that foster smart medicine, such as clinical practice guideline implementation, formulary adherence, utilization review for elective procedures and diagnostics, monitoring specific outcome measures in disease management, and clinician peer review programs (p.8) . Structured care can assure the inmate of adequate treatment in the form of medication, counseling, and other forms of supportive therapy. Under the guidance of expert medical health personnel they can fight their affliction and make their way back into society as useful members. Thus effective treatment procedures have implications beyond the correctional setting as these programs uphold the right of mentally disordered inmates to quality health care. Effective Treatment for Inmates with Mental Health Issues Providing effective treatment for inmates with mental health disorders is a challenging task for correctional institutions as they have to implement effective treatment policies and procedures besides having to train security as well as health personnel to deal with the problem and establish proper communication channels to ensure cooperation and efficiency among the staff members at all levels. In recent times guidelines for providing adequate treatment have been established by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC), American Public Health Association, and the American Association of Correctional Psychologists. Treatment programs usually incorporate case evaluation, identification, treatment, discharge planning or follow – up procedures. Norton (2005) recommends that correctional systems â€Å"Develop policies that address mentally ill offenders from time of initial intake through their entire sentence† (p. 37) . These policies must be executed carefully and modified regularly as per the needs of the mentally ill inmates in order to derive the maximum benefits. Mentally disordered inmates must be given access to competent care providers like trained physicians, psychiatrists, counselors, psychologists, nurses, correctional staff, and social workers. Training the mental health care team can be costly but it is a necessity as poorly qualified staff may fail to do justice to their charges and are likely to worsen the situation. The needs of each mentally disordered inmate are unique as they belong to different categories on the diagnostic scale. Categories include disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar, personality and mood disorders, psychoses, substance abuse, mental retardation and sexual offenders. Sometimes inmates may be diagnosed with two or more of the above named disorders. General treatment procedures are likely to include medication, counseling, education, and additional therapy to prevent relapse. Medication can be very effective in managing mentally ill inmates but there may be undesirable side – effects that may cause the patient to opt out from the treatment program. In addition, it must be used judiciously for those with a substance abuse problem. Therefore medication is used sparingly and is usually coupled with other treatment methods. Individual and group counseling have had encouraging results as it can be a cathartic and uplifting experience. Inmates convicted for substance abuse crimes or sexual offences need to be educated to help them develop a healthier attitude towards life. According to Shively (2004) , â€Å"Anger management is an essential area for these offenders to gain more control over their rage and their need to get even with others† (p. 85) . Thus a combination of these treatment options needs to woven into the treatment plan on the recommendation of the treatment team. Ideally treatment programs must be carefully tailored to meet the needs of the individual. Therefore despite established guidelines for treatment, there should be room for flexibility. Conclusion The available research literature has indicated that the number of offenders with mental disorders is exceedingly high. This has thwarted the aims of the corrections system which is confinement of wrongdoers followed by reintegration into society. By providing treatment for inmates with mental disorders, it is possible to resolve this dangerous situation. Therefore effective treatment is the means to ensure the proper functioning of the corrections system. Research Papers on Treatment of Inmates with Mental Health IssuesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Comparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Crowdscourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Crowdscourcing - Term Paper Example Today through crowd sourcing, the company can use a huge number of less technical people to carry out complex and highly ingenious tasks at very low costs. As a result, the basic idea behind crowdsourcing is to increase productivity while at the same time reducing involved costs in the production process (Mau, 2004). This involves the use of internet where the company solicits feedback from a community of many active and passionate people, which will help the company in significantly reducing the time that it would take to collect data about the same information in the field through a research or other formal focus groups. Therefore, by having customers involved in the branding activities, marketing and the product design and development processes, the organization can greatly save on the staffing costs required and cater for the numerous risks and uncertainties in the market place (Mau, 2004). History The process of requiring customers to have an input in developing products is not new. However, open-source software has changed the approach by making it possible for many people to be involved in such a process. In today’s technology, it is possible to have numerous people undertake tasks that would seem too complex for their level of technical knowledge, mainly driven by factors such as the development of blogs social networks such as Facebook, twitter, MySpace and YouTube. This has made the traditional differences producers and consumers to vanish and leave a thin line that becomes hard to isolate, leading to a market that has a collective intelligence (Brabham, 2008). In other words, in the market today, it is possible to access people’s passion, knowledge, their creative ideas and insightful thinking. This translates to improved production and increased innovations numerous minds are brought together in an economy driven by intellectuals. Open source code, the invention of Stallman an MIT graduate that dates back to 1983 has made crowdsourcing in the IT a great success and has helped companies to reap big from crowdsourcing. This led to development of Unix operating system by 1991 where the developer Linus Torvalds, a computer scientists based in Finland requested ideas from people on how to develop a free operating system, which led to the current Linus operating system, which is the globally largest and world most successful open code software today (Howe, 2008). In interface design, users create socially adaptable interfaces that address interface complexity where users come up with customizations linked to specific tasks, which are then made available to an online community through an online repository. Once the users have created a collection of test sets, the users then customize the interfaces created with a keyword search in finding and installing specific task sets, resulting to a situation where users can issue direct commands to the interface. Therefore, crowdsourcing has its origin from academic researchers w ho designed digital resources that supported research and data interpretation methods, which involved visualization of data, computational analysis, data mining and simulations (Oomen & Aroyio, 2011). Consequently, in interface design, the result was that users were henceforth able to automate difficult tasks to compute,

Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports Essay

Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports - Essay Example Surprisingly, those working hard to produce the rents are African-American athletes while the whites come out as the beneficiaries. This discourse takes an in-depth critique of Lawrence Kahn’s article and in the process evaluates facts that he outlines. The paper also separates facts from fictitious information in the article. Critique Lawrence Kahn explains that African-American athletes produce the rents benefited by white Americans. He mentions that the African-American sportspersons spent their rent on facilities, head coaches salaries, and nonrevenue sports. The football programs earn revenue from accounting profits. This also happens in the field of basketball. Evaluation of the role of NCAA appears at two levels. One extreme end is people who believe that efforts by NCAA to restrict payments to sportspeople enhance the value of sports by upholding amateurism. The other group holds that NCAA is a cartel that restricts compensation to sportsmen and women. Since its incept ion, the NCAA has been controlling the capacity for its members to access televised games. This started in 1984. This is a typical characteristic of a cartel where it prevents members from accessing and doing business with other competing firms in the industry. This is to avoid a share of the rents produced by sportsmen and women. The cartel wants to enjoy all the money. This is the reason that informed the formation of College Football Association (CFA). The behavior of NCAA towards is enough proof that it is a cartel. Cartels thrive on threats and sanctions. The NCAA threatened to expel any school and higher institution of learning that would sign a different contract following CFA’s readiness to negotiate a different and parallel contract with NBC. Threats by NCAA amounted to schools under CFA loosing on the revenue from the basketball tournament. This is total tyranny. In the modern liberal market, business associations and companies cannot thrive on threats and financial embargos. Finally, the NCAA succeeded in enjoying all the revenues generated from football television rents. The change in broadcasting rights appeared for the first time in college sports following a successful court petition by the University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia. Cases in the judiciary point to the fact that indeed the NCAA is a cartel. Courts proved in 1995 that it was engaged in backroom dirty tricks to limit salaries for assistant coaches. An association existing for the welfare of members such as NCAA needs to engage making lives for their members. However, NCAA does the reverse. It is very difficult to comprehend what good is in limiting a pay for members and proudly claim to be generating a fair playground for your members. Lawrence Kahn cannot purport to justify the role of NCAA to limit compensation as efforts towards enhancing sports by maintaining amateurism. Kahn explains the value of amateurism by stating the large of members in NCAA makes it dif ficult for it to put ceilings on earnings of sportsmen and women. He holds that a possibility of NCAA failing to prevent a competitive market among players due to the high number of members is farfetched. This point by Lawrence Khan does not hold water. NCAA is cartel and members of such an association have to operate within the rules. Therefore, the rules apply to all irrespective of the size of membership.

Soil Pollution

Soil Pollution Introduction Soil pollution is caused by the presence of chemicals made by man or alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically grows from the rupture ofpesticides, underground storage tanks, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes fromlandfillsor direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The chemicals which are involved mainly are petroleumhydrocarbons,solvents, pesticides, lead and otherheavy metals. Occurrence of this development is correlated with the degree of industrializations and intensities of usage of chemicals. Objective of the study This study has the following objectives To study the process of soil contamination. To study the cause, effects and control measures of soil contamination. To study various remediation technology available for soil contamination. To test soil specimen for shear strength using Direct Shear Test. Depending upon the contaminant of the soil specimen, to provide a remedial solution for the soil contamination Soil Contamination Soil contamination must be decimated to check that the best develop is grown for intake, (most important for organic farmers) it has to be proved first that the soil and land are of good quality, Many things are there making up the soil. In the area that soil made of basic organic parts basic such as granite or limestone, then there are organisms that break down like leaves, critter muck etc, the lands location and altitude bottom of the vale or on a mountain inclination, climate is also an crucial factor (ILO. 1992). Effects on plants It counts on what type of soil, the type of toxins present and the rigor of the soil pollution, as to how much or what comes in the plant, essentially sandy soil is less likely to grab on to chemicals, whereas soil carrying more organic matter like as peat moss will keep to contaminants more readily this has the impression of altering the metabolic stage of the microorganisms soil is held of, thus the pollutes enter the chain of food. Soil pollution can also affect those who touch it, depending on the pollutes, when small animals take over and polluted dust particles inhaled by them, occasionally some serve contaminations in dust form, are absorbed by the skin. Causes of soil contamination Well theres oil falls, pipe line leaks, toxic spills land that has been used before for things like as mining, gas stations, factories, airports all of these have polluted soil below them, the unnatural stuffs heaps in the landfills percolating into the ground, use of over fertilizers in some countries crops are still spray very toxic pesticides, all these things are reason of soil pollution around the world. When natural disasters happens like as earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes then facilities that have oil, toxins and chemicals become damaged or destroyed, their spills and leaks cause soil pollution, roughly 10 mi. ² of land in southeast of New Orleans became polluted, when over one million gallons of oil dowsed into the earth after a hurricane, demolished some holding facilities (Jewell, R.A., 1996). Storage of products and/or waste is Incorrect in industrial activities Uncontrollable waste disposal Waste of Industrial construction and demolition Drums which are underground Goods transports accidents Faulty operations or leaks from tanks Waste of water disposal Wrong use of pesticides and/or manures Bad or open sewers in a poor state Air pollutants deposition Concerns and health problems China has little lawmaking in place for the security of land to protect against soil pollution, unfortunately it looks like that over a 10% of the land has soil pollution, land is being watered by contaminated water. Since the 1970s there have been oozing from toxic tar island dam in the soil, and more lately a scallion of toxic polluters was discovering into the Athabasca River, a supply of water for Alberta. Effects Contamination of surface water Contamination of ground water Contamination of river sediment Volatile compounds Evaporation Inside houses air contamination Supply of contaminated water Ingestion of contaminated soil Using of contaminated surface waters Digging danger Contamination of animals and farm vegetables through the use of ground waters Control measures for soil contamination Controlled waste landfill Industries with adequate prevention and protection measures New sewer networks Waste water purifier Liquid manure storage basin Remedial Solutions to soil erosion Physical Rainfall and Runoff 1. Rainfall and water runoff are the two biggest culprits when it comes to soil erosion from water. The impact of physical raindrops on the soil surface can eventually break down the its structure and disseminate essential nutrients. The more usurious the slope of a field, the greater the runoff will be. That is the reason it is important to only plant on flat, horizontal land. As the slope length increases, so does the intensity of the runoff the water. If you must plant on a sloped surface, avoid very large stretches of land. It is mandatory to be a proper drainage whenever trying to combat water erosion. Water cant be absorbed by soil whenever it is collected on a slope, runoff will occur. Ensure that the land you want to farm on has enough drainage (Jewell, R.A. 1996). Soil Health 2. High level of organic matter in soil, structure in proper form and fast water infiltration rate is considered healthy and repellent to water erosion. Soil containing toxins, high levels of sand, or coarse-textured soil is considered unhealthy and prostrate to erosion by water. Growing crops that are autochthonal to the region will greatly help in maintaining a healthy soil base resistant to erosion. Rotation of Crop is another way of keeping your soil healthy and resistant to water erosion. Harvesting the same crops continually in the same location can lead to the collection of toxins and a natality imbalance in the soil. There are many forms of vegetation that can be grown to help protect against erosion of water. Ground will thickly covered by vegetation and form a network that will absorb water, which in turn reduces runoff. Vegetation provides extra roots from channels that help with drainage, as they allow surface water to permeate the soil. Vegetation will also provide cover for the soil, which reduces damage and runoff from raindrop impact. SOLUTIONS To avoid erosion of bare soil, it is essential to assert a cover to vegetation, mainly in the areas which are most dangerous e.g. those with infuse slopes, a periods of very heavy rainfall or season infuse. To do it may intend only partially gleaning forests and using seasonally wet or dry areas for pastoral rather than agriculture which is arable. Where polish which is intensive takes place, the farmers also use a crop rotation in order to avoid the soil becoming consumed. Where soils are covered in harmful areas, shape sloughing should be used. Careful management of irrigation, to prevent the application of too much or too little water, should help cut down the problem of salivation. Livestock skimming rates must be carefully managed to keep overgrazing. Perhaps we must attempt to limit highway construction and urbanization to areas of lower agricultural potential. With extractive industries, a pledge must be assured to restore the land to its former condition before planning permit for quarries or mines is granted. The principal approaches these strategies take are Sheep pasture with macroscale erosion. choice ofvegetativecover erosionprevention salinitymanagement: specific state-wide salinity control objectives are: With good quality groundwater stabilize water tables at harmless levels in irrigation areas Significantly retard rising groundwater by control of groundwater recharge, and where necessary to adapt to higher saline conditions in irrigation areas with saline groundwater Significantly reduce additions to the groundwater organizations and to substantially improve brininess problems associated with localized water in ground systems Where appropriate and Protect and rehabilitate high in value wetlands and other features which are significant environmental. Mineralization: To allow plants phytonutrient potential, active mineralization of the soil is sometimes undertaken. It can be in the form of natural of adding squeezed rock or can bring the form of soil of chemical supplement. The purpose is to combat mineral depletion in either case depletion of the soil. Wide range of minerals can be added including common substances like P (phosphorus) and more exotic substances such as zn (zinc) and sl (selenium). Extensive researches are there on the phase transitions of stuffs in soil with aqueous contact. The flooding process can bring significant bed load sediment to an alluvial plain. While its effect may not be considerable if floods threaten life or if the eroded deposit originates from productive land, this natural process that can regenerate soil chemistry through mineralization and macronutrient addition (Netterberg, 1971). No till farming: It is a way of growing crops from one year to next to next year without breaking the soil through tillage. It is a latest agricultural technique which can increase the water amount in the soil and decrease the erosion. No till farming may also increase the amount and variety of life in and on the soil but requires increased herbicide usage. Contour plowing: Contour farming and contour plowing is the farming practice of plowing across an incline following its elevation contour lines and rows formed slows water dispel during rainstorms to protect soil erosion and allows the water time to get settle into the soil. Crop rotation: This is a practice (Crop rotation or Crop sequencing) to growing dissimilar types of crops in the same region in back-to-back seasons for various profits such as to keep off the buildup of pathogens and cusses that generally occurs when one type of crop is continuously cropped. Crop rotation also seeks to balance the fertility demands of various crops to avoid excessive depletion of soil nutrients. A traditional component of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops. It is one component of poly culture. Rotation of crop can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Resting the land: To grow the cropsproperly they need nutrient rich soil. If we dont land rest between crops than the first crop will use nutrients all present in the soil and the crop which will grow later will grow poorly as a result. Resting the land allows put a little more organic material into the soil by our nature, so it is necessary replenishing it before you plant crop after another. Direct Shear Test:- Objective: To determine the shearing strength of the soil using the direct shear apparatus. Apparatus Direct shear box apparatus Loading frame (motor attached). Dial gauge. Proving ring. Tamper. Straight edge. Balance to weigh upto 200 mg. Aluminum container. Spatula. Procedure:- Measure the inner dimension of the soil container. The parts of the soil container are put together. The volume of the container is calculated and it is weighed. The soil is placed in smooth layers (approximately 10 mm thick). Tamp the soil if a dense sample is desired. The soil container is weighed, the difference of these two gives the weight of the soil. The density of the soil is calculated. The surface of the soil is made plane. The upper grating are put on stone and block loaded on top of soil. The thickness of soil specimen is measured. The desired normal load is applied. The shear pin is removed. The dial gauge is attached which measures the change of volume. The initial reading of the dial gauge is recorded and values caliberated. Check all adjustments to see that there is no connection between two parts except sand/soil before proceeding to test. Start the motor. The reading of the shear force is taken and recorded. V olume change readings are taken till failure. 5 kg normal stress 0.5 kg/cm2 is added and the experiment is continued till failure All the readings are recorded carefully. Before starting the experiment set the dial gauges zero,. Two soil specimens were chosen for the test. Sample one: Clean and not contaminated with weight of 16 kg Sample two: Contaminated with fuel ash with weight of 8 kg As explained in the procedure above, two soil samples were tested. After the test, following results were obtained: Load at failure for sample one = 87.5 N Load at failure for sample two = 29.1 N The contaminated sample will be used for the design project to asses it is commercial viability. References ILO. 1992. A participatory approach to environmental protection measures for hill irrigation schemes in Nepal. Nepal SPWP Manual No. 1. ILO, Geneva. Ingold, T.S. and Miller, K.S. 1988. Geotextiles Handbook. Thomas Telford, London Jewell, R.A. 1996. Soil Reinforcement with Geotextiles. CIRIA Special Publication 123. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London. Lawrance, C.J., Byard, R.J. and Beaven, P.J. 1993. Terrain Evaluation Manual. Transport Research Laboratory State of the Art Review 7. HMSO, London. MacGregor, F., Fell, R., Mostyn, G.R., Hocking, G. and McNally, G. 1994. The estimation of rock rippability. Quart. J. Eng. Geol. 27: 123-144. Netterberg, F. 1971. Calcrete in road construction, CSIR Res. Rep. 286, Pretoria, CSIR. Netterberg F. 1978 Calcrete wearing courses for unpaved roads, Civ. Eng. S. Afr., Vol 20 No 6, pp 129-138 Peltier, L. 1950. The geographic cycle in periglacial regions as it is related to climatic geomorphology. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geog. 49, 214-36. Pettifer, G.S. and Fookes, P.G. 1994. A revision of the graphical method for assessing the excavatability of rock. Quart. J. Eng. Geol. 27: 145-164. Schiechtl, H.M. and Stern, R. 1996 (English translation). Ground Bioengineering Techniques for Slope Protection and Erosion Control. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Schiechtl, H.M. and Stern, R. 1997 (English translation). Water Bioengineering Techniques for Watercourse Bank and Shoreline Protection. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Stewart, G.A. and Perry, R.A. 1953. Survey of Townsville-Bowen Region (1950). Land Research Series, Varnes, D.J. 1978. Slope movements and types and processes. In: Landslides: Analysis and Control, Wang, H., Latham, J-P. and Poole, A. 1991. Predictions of block size distributions for quarrying. Quart. J Eng. Geol. 24: 91-99.